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Elijah also borrowed from traditional Islamic behavioral practices, including the refusal to eat pork or to use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. His teachings included many of the basic tenets of Islam, including monotheism, submission to Allah, and a strong family life, and these tenets were promoted in the Nation’s parochial schools. Muhammad provided what Fard lacked-strong leadership and a coherent theology. While Fard retired into obscurity, Elijah taught that Fard was a Prophet (in the Muslim sense) and a Saviour (in the Christian sense) and the very presence of Allah. When problems erupted in the Detroit headquarters in 1934, Elijah Muhammad stepped in and took control. In 1930, claiming that he was Noble Drew Ali reincarnated, Fard founded the Nation of Islam in Detroit, Michigan, and designated his able assistant, Elijah Muhammad, originally Elijah Poole, to establish the Nation’s second centre in Chicago. He produced a new sacred text, The Holy Koran, that bears little resemblance to its namesake and was based on his limited knowledge of Islam and on spiritualist teachings.Īmong those associated with the Moorish Science Temple was a peddler named Wallace D. Muslim teachings were tied to Black nationalism by Noble Drew Ali, originally Timothy Drew (1886–1929), who founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in Newark, New Jersey, in 1913. 1839–1908), and of Shaikh Ahmed Faisal (1891–1980), the Moroccan-born leader of an independent Black Muslim movement. It reemerged at the beginning of the 20th century as a result of the efforts of the Aḥmadiyyah movement, an unorthodox sect founded in India by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c. Islam was brought to the United States by enslaved African Muslims, and it retained a real if minuscule presence in the country throughout the 19th century.

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The Nation also promotes racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members. Nation of Islam, African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with Black nationalist ideas.

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